How does an artificial neural network primarily learn?

An artificial neural network primarily learns by analyzing data and refining its guesses against correct answers. This process involves presenting the network with input data and the corresponding expected output during training. The network starts with initial random weights and makes predictions based on this data. When the output differs from the expected result, it adjusts its internal parameters through a process called backpropagation. This iterative refinement allows the network to minimize the error in its predictions over time, leading to improved accuracy.

The ability to learn in this manner enables neural networks to identify patterns, make predictions, and generalize from the training data to new, unseen data. The use of labeled datasets is crucial in this context, as it provides a benchmark for the network to evaluate its performance and enhance its learning process. This method contrasts with the other options, as it emphasizes a structured approach to learning rather than mere memorization, imitation, or reliance on constant external feedback.